Tämä teos on lisensoitu Creative Commons Nimeä-EiKaupallinen-EiMuutoksia 4.0 Kansainvälinen -lisenssillä.
Anna Liisa Karjalainen, Mervi Kivirinta ja Jukka Määttänen
There are several ways of referencing commonly in use nationally and internationally. DIAK follows the practice presented herein. When publishing or submitting a text for review elsewhere, one must always check that the referencing matches the practice in each publication, institute of learning or department. This referencing system follows, for the most part, the APA 7 guidelines.
A reference informs the reader as to who has presented the information in question. The reference is written within brackets after the cited part in the text; for example, at the end of the sentence or the paragraph. The reference is given at the end of a piece of text, whether it is referred to or cited in verbatim. This way of referencing is neutral, subject matter centered referencing.
Author centered referencing is referencing whereby the author of the reference is mentioned in the text. When the author is mentioned in one’s own text, there is a particular reason for it: the author of the reference is emphasized as an authority or a comparison is being made, for example.
For example:
Spencer (2007, pp. 86–87) emphasizes – according to Smith (2013, p. 111) however, …
A reference is needed also when referring to other than written sources. A citation may thus be connected with personal communication or it can be a case of borrowing a figure or a table.
⇒ Author-Date Citation System (APA 7th)
⇒ Number of Authors to Include in In-Text Citations
⇒ Personal Communication (emails, textmessages, unrecorded classroom lectures etc.)
⇒Textual Works (books, articles, thesis)
⇒ Audiovisual Media (YouTube, films, movies, television series)
⇒ Online Media (webpages, social media)
Reference-Examples (pdf)
Artificial intelligence is not an actual source of information. However, the use of artificial intelligence should be indicated in its context by indicating the name of the AI application used and the date on which it was used.
In this report, the AI application ChatGPT 4.0 was used to edit the language of the text and to make the text more fluent (used August 16, 2024).
In defining the concept, the AI application Gemini was utilized, using the prompt "what does otherness mean" (used August 16, 2024).
Read Utilisation of artificial intelligence at Diak.
An example of how to reference an image created using artificial intelligence:
Figure 1. Cat in school class (photo made with the Copilot AI app on 16 August, 2024 using the prompt "cat sitting in school")